Infertility in men is an issue that continues to impact millions across the globe, with varying prevalence depending on geographical and socioeconomic factors.
In developed nations, male infertility affects approximately 2% to 17% of men, while in developing countries, the figure is significantly higher, estimated at 42.4%.
According to Dr. Kiriki Emmanuel, who was speaking on TV47’s Morning Café show on Thursday July 17, 2025, male infertility can be classified into two main types: primary infertility, where a man has never fathered a child, and secondary infertility, where a man is unable to father another child after previously doing so.
Among the leading causes of male infertility are sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as chlamydia.
“Infections like these block reproductive channels such as the ejaculatory ducts and the urethra, preventing sperm from flowing freely,” Dr. Kiriki explained. “This results in a man ejaculating seminal fluid without sperm.”
Childhood illnesses, such as mumps, also play a role, especially if they affect the testicles. Dr. Kiriki stressed the importance of early intervention: “Such infections should occur and be treated in childhood when the body is still developing. If left until adulthood, the seminiferous tubules—the structures responsible for producing sperm, may suffer irreversible damage.”
Another major contributor is undescended testicles. Normally, a baby boy’s testicles descend from the abdomen into the scrotum before birth. When this fails to happen and is not corrected early, it may lead to infertility. “In some severe cases, the testicles may be surgically removed altogether,” Dr. Kiriki noted.
Hormonal imbalances also interfere with male fertility. Hormones such as TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone), prolactin, and FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) must remain balanced for normal sperm production.
“Elevated levels of prolactin or irregular FSH levels can drastically reduce sperm count,” Dr. Kiriki added.
Chronic conditions, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, are other underlying contributors. Additionally, some men suffer from congenital conditions, such as the natural absence of the vas deferens—the duct responsible for transporting sperm, making conception biologically impossible without medical intervention.
Modern lifestyle choices are also not without consequence. Many men who use testosterone-based supplements to enhance muscle growth at the gym are unknowingly compromising their fertility. “Artificial testosterone tells the body to stop producing its own, which affects sperm production,” said Dr. Kiriki.
While treating infertility can be complex, especially when it involves blocked sperm ducts, hope is not lost. “The tubes are very tiny, and correcting blockages directly might cause damage. However, doctors can explore alternative methods to bypass the problem and still achieve fertilization,” Dr. Kiriki reassured.
Dr. Kiriki encourages men to take sperm tests early if they suspect infertility, noting, “It’s a simple but crucial step in identifying the root cause and starting the right treatment.”
With increasing awareness and timely medical intervention, many cases of male infertility can be managed or even reversed, restoring hope to affected families.
